Biodiversity_Forest conservation

Biodiversity
Biodiversity is part of our daily lives and constitutes the resources upon which families, communities, nations and future generations depend.
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Reduction in populations of termaites (small burrowing animals…) has a dramatic influences on infiltration and surface runoff (Elkins et al. 1986)

Human impacts on biodiversity. At the global scale, human activities is expressed primarily throuht direct and indirect alterations of vegetation cover and disturbance of the soil surface.

Disruption of a microbial crust on the soil surface )e.g. by hooves) alters inputs of nitrogen by these N-fixers (see 6.1.4.8), Burrowing animals (termites, ants, rodents, marsupials) create the reinforce heterogeneity in soil structures and nutrients (Whiford 1993)

Vegetation cover modulates the impact energy of raindrop, reducing the amount of sediment dislodged and transported during heavy storm (Wood et al.1987; rogers and Schumm 1991). Rooted plants provide root channels which in turn enhance deep percolation (penapisan) of water into the soil profile (e.g. Greene 1992), and the nature of the plant canopy influences the proportion of rainfall that is intercepted and that falls either as throughfall or stem-flow (West and Gifford 1976; navar and Bryan 1990; Tromble 1987. deep roots of shrubs and transpirational losses, are a strong influence on soil water content in the lower part parts of the soil profile and thus on the depth of carbonate deposition, leading potentially to alterations in the effective rooting depth of the soil (Sclesingar et al. 1987). Removal of shrubs would then be expected to have potentially strong effects on soil moisture content and other characteristics. On the hands, Dugas and Mayeux 1991 and Carlson et al.1990 found that increased herbaceous cover following shrub removal resulted in llittle net change in water distribution or in total evapotranpiration from dry rangeland sites over the short term. Introduction of phreatophic (deep-rooted) plants, especially the genus Tamarix has dramatically altered hydrology in some riparian systems, even leading to the elimination of surface waqter from previous spring sites due to its high evepotranspiration.

Pereputan, penguraiandaun di lantai hutan menghasilkan gas nitrogen…
Di negara ini Bat/ kelawar jenis makan buah yang terbang di kawasan paya bakau jua yang mendebungakan durian.

There is strong evidence that biological diversity at the level of functional groups has significant effects on major fluxes (perubahan) in the hydrological cycle (infiltration, percolation to the ground water, evapotranspiration) with the magnitude of the flux usually being positively related to the number of functional groups represented. It is however premature to draw conslucions about the effect of different numbers of species within functional groups. We conclude that biological diversity plays a substantial role in the ecosystem services of water supply and filtration so critical to human welfare.

Dirian pokok meranti menjadi tempat yang sesuai untuk burung burung membuat sarangnya dan terbang dengan aman di sekitar dirian hutan.
Pembalakan akan menyebabkan hutan selaku home bagi fauna diganggu dan ini membuatkan mengurangkan pembiakan fauna.

Disruption (gangguan) in biodiversity will influence human health

Disruptions in biodiversity can affect disease transmission either through their influence on vectors of disease, or more directly themselves. Changes in landscape diversity due to agriculture, have resulted in the spread of human diseases. For example, the introduction of slash and burn agriculture into wet tropical Africa resulted in an increase in malaria which in turn increased the occurrence of sickle-cell anaemia. Physicallay damaged reefs are often invaded by dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus wj\hich is responsible for ciguatera in humans. Unidentified pred\cursors in the dinoflagellate are transformed into toxins which accumulate in food chains leading tio table fish.
Other direct or indirect effect on health can come from biodiversity’s influence on particular ecosystem processes. Changes in plant species composition can result in changes in the emissions of volatile organic compounds by plants which can lead, along with industrial pollutants, to increase in troposheric ozone that can indirectly affect human health
Rooting depth changes as a result of replacing species when foresta are converted to agricultural system. These changes in rooting depth affect the amount of water percolating (penapisan air…) through the soil and may increase the levels of nitrate in ground water.
The rapid transformation of forest ecosystem without regard for appropriate management of water resources, has had serious consequences for human health.
Deforestation led to major malaria outbreaks in the western amazon, due to the creation of new habitats for mosquito vectors and also to the increase colonization of the region by susceptible human population.
Changes in biodiversity can have direct and indirect effects on atmospheric composition, management of water and human health. Thus management caution in reducing diversity is indicated for both species rich and species poor systems, when it is important to sustain the provision of goods and services over long time scales.

Taxanomy is the practice by which the different groups of organism are described and classified in a hierarchical system and thereby provides a reference system for biology. Scientific classification are the means we use for dividing up the world of organisms into usable units about which we can communicate.

Biological systematics is the approach whereby similarities and differences between these groups are examined and their evolutionary relationship elucidated (menjelaskan…).



Taxonomi
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus/ Genera
Species


Contoh famili seperti Burceraceae, Bombacaceae,Araliaceae, Annonaceae, dipterocarpaceae, anacadiaceae,

Contoh genus adalah Canarium, shorea, dryobalanop,

Kalau nak hybrid maka pakai famili dan ke bawah mean famili,genus,species…
Biasa akan menjadi sebab bilangan kromosom yang sama atau hamper sama…

Contoh seperti hybrid famili felidea…kucing, harimau kumbang (Panthera pardus
golden cat, clouded leopard adalah dalam famili yang sama yang disebut famili felidae